{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "3d13522a", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Denken lernen?\n", "\n", ">I think everybody should learn how to program a computer, because it teaches you how to think. So I view computer science as a liberal art. It should be something everybode learns. -- Steve Jobs\n", "\n", "Es mag für Sie ein wenig vermessen klingen, dass Sie in diesem Kurs das \"richtige\" Denken lernen sollen.\n", "Sollten Sie das nicht bereits beherrschen?\n", "Wären Sie andernfalls überhaupt im Studium gelandet?\n", "\n", "Computational Thinking ist eine Form des Denkens, die anderen Formen weder überlegen noch unterlegen ist.\n", "In vielen Bereichen des Lebens ist es von Vorteil wenn die Bedeutung einer Arbeit unklar bleibt.\n", "Literarische Meisterwerke sind beispielweise oftmals genau deshalb so meisterlich, da sie eine Vielzahl an Interpretationen zulassen.\n", "Oder denken Sie an unsere naturliche Sprache, die ungenau und oft mehrdeutig ist aber dadurch eine Flexibilität aufweist, die viele Perspektiven und Interpretationen zulässt.\n", "\n", "Wie wir sehen werden verhält es sich beim Computational Thinking anders.\n", "Wir wagen in die Welt der formalen Sprachen, welche keine Missverständnisse und Mehrdeutigkeiten zulassen.\n", "\n", "## Schnelles und langsames Denken\n", "\n", "In seinem Buch *Schnelles Denken, Langsames Denken* {cite:p}`kahneman:2011` beschreibt der Nobelpreisträger und einflussreiche Wissenschaftler unserer Zeit Daniel Kahneman sehr eindringlich, wie wir Menschen Entscheidungen treffen.\n", "Er betont dabei, dass Zögern ein überlebensnotwendiger Reflex ist und beschreibt was in unserem Gehirn vor sich geht, wenn wir andere Menschen oder Dinge beurteilen. \n", "Vereinfacht ausgedrückt wird das menschliche Denken durch zwei kognitive Systeme bestimmt:\n", "Durch das *(1) schnelle Denken* und durch das *(2) langsame Denken*.\n", "Blicken Sie auf folgende Aufgabe:\n", "\n", "```{exercise} Blinzeln des Alphabets\n", ":label: fast-and-slow-thinking-exercise\n", "Ein Schläger und ein Ball kosten zusammen 1.10 Euro.\n", "Der Schläger kostet einen Euro mehr als der Ball.\n", "Wie viel kostet der Ball?\n", "```" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "id": "05b6743d", "metadata": { "tags": [ "remove-input" ] }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
" ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "data": { "application/javascript": [ "var language=\"de\";var questionsyKLTfPwXUJTN=[{\"question\": \"Nennen Sie Ihre Antwort:\", \"type\": \"numeric\", \"precision\": 2, \"answers\": [{\"type\": \"value\", \"value\": 1.05, \"correct\": true, \"feedback\": \"Richtig.\"}]}];\n", " // Make a random ID\n", "function makeid(length) {\n", " var result = [];\n", " var characters = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz';\n", " var charactersLength = characters.length;\n", " for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n", " result.push(characters.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * charactersLength)));\n", " }\n", " return result.join('');\n", "}\n", "\n", "// Choose a random subset of an array. Can also be used to shuffle the array\n", "function getRandomSubarray(arr, size) {\n", " var shuffled = arr.slice(0), i = arr.length, temp, index;\n", " while (i--) {\n", " index = Math.floor((i + 1) * Math.random());\n", " temp = shuffled[index];\n", " shuffled[index] = shuffled[i];\n", " shuffled[i] = temp;\n", " }\n", " return shuffled.slice(0, size);\n", "}\n", "\n", "function printResponses(responsesContainer) {\n", " var responses=JSON.parse(responsesContainer.dataset.responses);\n", " var stringResponses='IMPORTANT!To preserve this answer sequence for submission, when you have finalized your answers:
  1. Copy the text in this cell below \"Answer String\"
  2. Double click on the cell directly below the Answer String, labeled \"Replace Me\"
  3. Select the whole \"Replace Me\" text
  4. Paste in your answer string and press shift-Enter.
  5. Save the notebook using the save icon or File->Save Notebook menu item



    6. Answer String:
    ';\n", " console.log(responses);\n", " responses.forEach((response, index) => {\n", " if (response) {\n", " console.log(index + ': ' + response);\n", " stringResponses+= index + ': ' + response +\"
    \";\n", " }\n", " });\n", " responsesContainer.innerHTML=stringResponses;\n", "}\n", "function check_mc() {\n", " var id = this.id.split('-')[0];\n", " //var response = this.id.split('-')[1];\n", " //console.log(response);\n", " //console.log(\"In check_mc(), id=\"+id);\n", " //console.log(event.srcElement.id) \n", " //console.log(event.srcElement.dataset.correct) \n", " //console.log(event.srcElement.dataset.feedback)\n", "\n", " var label = event.srcElement;\n", " //console.log(label, label.nodeName);\n", " var depth = 0;\n", " while ((label.nodeName != \"LABEL\") && (depth < 20)) {\n", " label = label.parentElement;\n", " console.log(depth, label);\n", " depth++;\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", " var answers = label.parentElement.children;\n", "\n", " //console.log(answers);\n", "\n", "\n", " // Split behavior based on multiple choice vs many choice:\n", " var fb = document.getElementById(\"fb\" + id);\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", " if (fb.dataset.numcorrect == 1) {\n", " // What follows is for the saved responses stuff\n", " var outerContainer = fb.parentElement.parentElement;\n", " var responsesContainer = document.getElementById(\"responses\" + outerContainer.id);\n", " if (responsesContainer) {\n", " //console.log(responsesContainer);\n", " var response = label.firstChild.innerText;\n", " if (label.querySelector(\".QuizCode\")){\n", " response+= label.querySelector(\".QuizCode\").firstChild.innerText;\n", " }\n", " console.log(response);\n", " //console.log(document.getElementById(\"quizWrap\"+id));\n", " var qnum = document.getElementById(\"quizWrap\"+id).dataset.qnum;\n", " console.log(\"Question \" + qnum);\n", " //console.log(id, \", got numcorrect=\",fb.dataset.numcorrect);\n", " var responses=JSON.parse(responsesContainer.dataset.responses);\n", " console.log(responses);\n", " responses[qnum]= response;\n", " responsesContainer.setAttribute('data-responses', JSON.stringify(responses));\n", " printResponses(responsesContainer);\n", " }\n", " // End code to preserve responses\n", " \n", " for (var i = 0; i < answers.length; i++) {\n", " var child = answers[i];\n", " //console.log(child);\n", " child.className = \"MCButton\";\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", " if (label.dataset.correct == \"true\") {\n", " // console.log(\"Correct action\");\n", " if (\"feedback\" in label.dataset) {\n", " fb.textContent = jaxify(label.dataset.feedback);\n", " } else {\n", " fb.textContent = \"Correct!\";\n", " }\n", " label.classList.add(\"correctButton\");\n", "\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.classList.add(\"correct\");\n", "\n", " } else {\n", " if (\"feedback\" in label.dataset) {\n", " fb.textContent = jaxify(label.dataset.feedback);\n", " } else {\n", " fb.textContent = \"Incorrect -- try again.\";\n", " }\n", " //console.log(\"Error action\");\n", " label.classList.add(\"incorrectButton\");\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.classList.add(\"incorrect\");\n", " }\n", " }\n", " else {\n", " var reset = false;\n", " var feedback;\n", " if (label.dataset.correct == \"true\") {\n", " if (\"feedback\" in label.dataset) {\n", " feedback = jaxify(label.dataset.feedback);\n", " } else {\n", " feedback = \"Correct!\";\n", " }\n", " if (label.dataset.answered <= 0) {\n", " if (fb.dataset.answeredcorrect < 0) {\n", " fb.dataset.answeredcorrect = 1;\n", " reset = true;\n", " } else {\n", " fb.dataset.answeredcorrect++;\n", " }\n", " if (reset) {\n", " for (var i = 0; i < answers.length; i++) {\n", " var child = answers[i];\n", " child.className = \"MCButton\";\n", " child.dataset.answered = 0;\n", " }\n", " }\n", " label.classList.add(\"correctButton\");\n", " label.dataset.answered = 1;\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.classList.add(\"correct\");\n", "\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " if (\"feedback\" in label.dataset) {\n", " feedback = jaxify(label.dataset.feedback);\n", " } else {\n", " feedback = \"Incorrect -- try again.\";\n", " }\n", " if (fb.dataset.answeredcorrect > 0) {\n", " fb.dataset.answeredcorrect = -1;\n", " reset = true;\n", " } else {\n", " fb.dataset.answeredcorrect--;\n", " }\n", "\n", " if (reset) {\n", " for (var i = 0; i < answers.length; i++) {\n", " var child = answers[i];\n", " child.className = \"MCButton\";\n", " child.dataset.answered = 0;\n", " }\n", " }\n", " label.classList.add(\"incorrectButton\");\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.classList.add(\"incorrect\");\n", " }\n", " // What follows is for the saved responses stuff\n", " var outerContainer = fb.parentElement.parentElement;\n", " var responsesContainer = document.getElementById(\"responses\" + outerContainer.id);\n", " if (responsesContainer) {\n", " //console.log(responsesContainer);\n", " var response = label.firstChild.innerText;\n", " if (label.querySelector(\".QuizCode\")){\n", " response+= label.querySelector(\".QuizCode\").firstChild.innerText;\n", " }\n", " console.log(response);\n", " //console.log(document.getElementById(\"quizWrap\"+id));\n", " var qnum = document.getElementById(\"quizWrap\"+id).dataset.qnum;\n", " console.log(\"Question \" + qnum);\n", " //console.log(id, \", got numcorrect=\",fb.dataset.numcorrect);\n", " var responses=JSON.parse(responsesContainer.dataset.responses);\n", " if (label.dataset.correct == \"true\") {\n", " if (typeof(responses[qnum]) == \"object\"){\n", " if (!responses[qnum].includes(response))\n", " responses[qnum].push(response);\n", " } else{\n", " responses[qnum]= [ response ];\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " responses[qnum]= response;\n", " }\n", " console.log(responses);\n", " responsesContainer.setAttribute('data-responses', JSON.stringify(responses));\n", " printResponses(responsesContainer);\n", " }\n", " // End save responses stuff\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", " var numcorrect = fb.dataset.numcorrect;\n", " var answeredcorrect = fb.dataset.answeredcorrect;\n", " if (answeredcorrect >= 0) {\n", " fb.textContent = feedback + \" [\" + answeredcorrect + \"/\" + numcorrect + \"]\";\n", " } else {\n", " fb.textContent = feedback + \" [\" + 0 + \"/\" + numcorrect + \"]\";\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", " }\n", "\n", " if (typeof MathJax != 'undefined') {\n", " var version = MathJax.version;\n", " console.log('MathJax version', version);\n", " if (version[0] == \"2\") {\n", " MathJax.Hub.Queue([\"Typeset\", MathJax.Hub]);\n", " } else if (version[0] == \"3\") {\n", " MathJax.typeset([fb]);\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " console.log('MathJax not detected');\n", " }\n", "\n", "}\n", "\n", "function make_mc(qa, shuffle_answers, outerqDiv, qDiv, aDiv, id) {\n", " var shuffled;\n", " if (shuffle_answers == \"True\") {\n", " //console.log(shuffle_answers+\" read as true\");\n", " shuffled = getRandomSubarray(qa.answers, qa.answers.length);\n", " } else {\n", " //console.log(shuffle_answers+\" read as false\");\n", " shuffled = qa.answers;\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", " var num_correct = 0;\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", " shuffled.forEach((item, index, ans_array) => {\n", " //console.log(answer);\n", "\n", " // Make input element\n", " var inp = document.createElement(\"input\");\n", " inp.type = \"radio\";\n", " inp.id = \"quizo\" + id + index;\n", " inp.style = \"display:none;\";\n", " aDiv.append(inp);\n", "\n", " //Make label for input element\n", " var lab = document.createElement(\"label\");\n", " lab.className = \"MCButton\";\n", " lab.id = id + '-' + index;\n", " lab.onclick = check_mc;\n", " var aSpan = document.createElement('span');\n", " aSpan.classsName = \"\";\n", " //qDiv.id=\"quizQn\"+id+index;\n", " if (\"answer\" in item) {\n", " aSpan.innerHTML = jaxify(item.answer);\n", " //aSpan.innerHTML=item.answer;\n", " }\n", " lab.append(aSpan);\n", "\n", " // Create div for code inside question\n", " var codeSpan;\n", " if (\"code\" in item) {\n", " codeSpan = document.createElement('span');\n", " codeSpan.id = \"code\" + id + index;\n", " codeSpan.className = \"QuizCode\";\n", " var codePre = document.createElement('pre');\n", " codeSpan.append(codePre);\n", " var codeCode = document.createElement('code');\n", " codePre.append(codeCode);\n", " codeCode.innerHTML = item.code;\n", " lab.append(codeSpan);\n", " //console.log(codeSpan);\n", " }\n", "\n", " //lab.textContent=item.answer;\n", "\n", " // Set the data attributes for the answer\n", " lab.setAttribute('data-correct', item.correct);\n", " if (item.correct) {\n", " num_correct++;\n", " }\n", " if (\"feedback\" in item) {\n", " lab.setAttribute('data-feedback', item.feedback);\n", " }\n", " lab.setAttribute('data-answered', 0);\n", "\n", " aDiv.append(lab);\n", "\n", " });\n", "\n", " if (num_correct > 1) {\n", " outerqDiv.className = \"ManyChoiceQn\";\n", " } else {\n", " outerqDiv.className = \"MultipleChoiceQn\";\n", " }\n", "\n", " return num_correct;\n", "\n", "}\n", "text_de = {\n", " \"numeric_label\": \"Geben Sie eine Zahl ein:\",\n", " \"feedback_false\": \"Falsch.\"\n", "}\n", "\n", "text_en = {\n", " \"numeric_label\": \"Type numeric answer here:\",\n", " \"feedback_false\": \"Incorrect -- try again.\"\n", "}\n", "\n", "if (language === \"de\") {\n", " text = text_de;\n", "} else {\n", " text = text_en;\n", "}\n", "\n", "\n", "function check_numeric(ths, event) {\n", "\n", " if (event.keyCode === 13) {\n", " ths.blur();\n", "\n", " var id = ths.id.split('-')[0];\n", "\n", " var submission = ths.value;\n", " if (submission.indexOf('/') != -1) {\n", " var sub_parts = submission.split('/');\n", " //console.log(sub_parts);\n", " submission = sub_parts[0] / sub_parts[1];\n", " }\n", " //console.log(\"Reader entered\", submission);\n", "\n", " if (\"precision\" in ths.dataset) {\n", " var precision = ths.dataset.precision;\n", " // console.log(\"1:\", submission)\n", " submission = Math.round((1 * submission + Number.EPSILON) * 10 ** precision) / 10 ** precision;\n", " // console.log(\"Rounded to \", submission, \" precision=\", precision );\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", " //console.log(\"In check_numeric(), id=\"+id);\n", " //console.log(event.srcElement.id) \n", " //console.log(event.srcElement.dataset.feedback)\n", "\n", " var fb = document.getElementById(\"fb\" + id);\n", " fb.style.display = \"none\";\n", " fb.textContent = text[\"feedback_false\"];\n", "\n", " var answers = JSON.parse(ths.dataset.answers);\n", " //console.log(answers);\n", "\n", " var defaultFB = \"\";\n", " var correct;\n", " var done = false;\n", " answers.every(answer => {\n", " //console.log(answer.type);\n", "\n", " correct = false;\n", " // if (answer.type==\"value\"){\n", " if ('value' in answer) {\n", " if (submission == answer.value) {\n", " if (\"feedback\" in answer) {\n", " fb.textContent = jaxify(answer.feedback);\n", " } else {\n", " fb.textContent = jaxify(\"Correct\");\n", " }\n", " correct = answer.correct;\n", " //console.log(answer.correct);\n", " done = true;\n", " }\n", " // } else if (answer.type==\"range\") {\n", " } else if ('range' in answer) {\n", " //console.log(answer.range);\n", " if ((submission >= answer.range[0]) && (submission < answer.range[1])) {\n", " fb.textContent = jaxify(answer.feedback);\n", " correct = answer.correct;\n", " //console.log(answer.correct);\n", " done = true;\n", " }\n", " } else if (answer.type == \"default\") {\n", " defaultFB = answer.feedback;\n", " }\n", " if (done) {\n", " return false; // Break out of loop if this has been marked correct\n", " } else {\n", " return true; // Keep looking for case that includes this as a correct answer\n", " }\n", " });\n", "\n", " if ((!done) && (defaultFB != \"\")) {\n", " fb.innerHTML = jaxify(defaultFB);\n", " //console.log(\"Default feedback\", defaultFB);\n", " }\n", "\n", " fb.style.display = \"block\";\n", " if (correct) {\n", " ths.className = \"Input-text\";\n", " ths.classList.add(\"correctButton\");\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.classList.add(\"correct\");\n", " } else {\n", " ths.className = \"Input-text\";\n", " ths.classList.add(\"incorrectButton\");\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.classList.add(\"incorrect\");\n", " }\n", "\n", " // What follows is for the saved responses stuff\n", " var outerContainer = fb.parentElement.parentElement;\n", " var responsesContainer = document.getElementById(\"responses\" + outerContainer.id);\n", " if (responsesContainer) {\n", " console.log(submission);\n", " var qnum = document.getElementById(\"quizWrap\"+id).dataset.qnum;\n", " //console.log(\"Question \" + qnum);\n", " //console.log(id, \", got numcorrect=\",fb.dataset.numcorrect);\n", " var responses=JSON.parse(responsesContainer.dataset.responses);\n", " console.log(responses);\n", " if (submission == ths.value){\n", " responses[qnum]= submission;\n", " } else {\n", " responses[qnum]= ths.value + \"(\" + submission +\")\";\n", " }\n", " responsesContainer.setAttribute('data-responses', JSON.stringify(responses));\n", " printResponses(responsesContainer);\n", " }\n", " // End code to preserve responses\n", "\n", " if (typeof MathJax != 'undefined') {\n", " var version = MathJax.version;\n", " console.log('MathJax version', version);\n", " if (version[0] == \"2\") {\n", " MathJax.Hub.Queue([\"Typeset\", MathJax.Hub]);\n", " } else if (version[0] == \"3\") {\n", " MathJax.typeset([fb]);\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " console.log('MathJax not detected');\n", " }\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", "\n", "}\n", "\n", "function isValid(el, charC) {\n", " //console.log(\"Input char: \", charC);\n", " if (charC == 46) {\n", " if (el.value.indexOf('.') === -1) {\n", " return true;\n", " } else if (el.value.indexOf('/') != -1) {\n", " var parts = el.value.split('/');\n", " if (parts[1].indexOf('.') === -1) {\n", " return true;\n", " }\n", " }\n", " else {\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " } else if (charC == 47) {\n", " if (el.value.indexOf('/') === -1) {\n", " if ((el.value != \"\") && (el.value != \".\")) {\n", " return true;\n", " } else {\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " } else if (charC == 45) {\n", " var edex = el.value.indexOf('e');\n", " if (edex == -1) {\n", " edex = el.value.indexOf('E');\n", " }\n", "\n", " if (el.value == \"\") {\n", " return true;\n", " } else if (edex == (el.value.length - 1)) { // If just after e or E\n", " return true;\n", " } else {\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " } else if (charC == 101) { // \"e\"\n", " if ((el.value.indexOf('e') === -1) && (el.value.indexOf('E') === -1) && (el.value.indexOf('/') == -1)) {\n", " // Prev symbol must be digit or decimal point:\n", " if (el.value.slice(-1).search(/\\d/) >= 0) {\n", " return true;\n", " } else if (el.value.slice(-1).search(/\\./) >= 0) {\n", " return true;\n", " } else {\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " } else {\n", " if (charC > 31 && (charC < 48 || charC > 57))\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " return true;\n", "}\n", "\n", "function numeric_keypress(evnt) {\n", " var charC = (evnt.which) ? evnt.which : evnt.keyCode;\n", "\n", " if (charC == 13) {\n", " check_numeric(this, evnt);\n", " } else {\n", " return isValid(this, charC);\n", " }\n", "}\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", "function make_numeric(qa, outerqDiv, qDiv, aDiv, id) {\n", "\n", "\n", "\n", " //console.log(answer);\n", "\n", "\n", " outerqDiv.className = \"NumericQn\";\n", " aDiv.style.display = 'block';\n", "\n", " var lab = document.createElement(\"label\");\n", " lab.className = \"InpLabel\";\n", " lab.textContent = text[\"numeric_label\"];\n", " aDiv.append(lab);\n", "\n", " var inp = document.createElement(\"input\");\n", " inp.type = \"text\";\n", " //inp.id=\"input-\"+id;\n", " inp.id = id + \"-0\";\n", " inp.className = \"Input-text\";\n", " inp.setAttribute('data-answers', JSON.stringify(qa.answers));\n", " if (\"precision\" in qa) {\n", " inp.setAttribute('data-precision', qa.precision);\n", " }\n", " aDiv.append(inp);\n", " //console.log(inp);\n", "\n", " //inp.addEventListener(\"keypress\", check_numeric);\n", " //inp.addEventListener(\"keypress\", numeric_keypress);\n", " /*\n", " inp.addEventListener(\"keypress\", function(event) {\n", " return numeric_keypress(this, event);\n", " }\n", " );\n", " */\n", " //inp.onkeypress=\"return numeric_keypress(this, event)\";\n", " inp.onkeypress = numeric_keypress;\n", " inp.onpaste = event => false;\n", "\n", " inp.addEventListener(\"focus\", function (event) {\n", " this.value = \"\";\n", " return false;\n", " }\n", " );\n", "\n", "\n", "}\n", "function jaxify(string) {\n", " var mystring = string;\n", "\n", " var count = 0;\n", " var loc = mystring.search(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$)/);\n", "\n", " var count2 = 0;\n", " var loc2 = mystring.search(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$\\$)/);\n", "\n", " //console.log(loc);\n", "\n", " while ((loc >= 0) || (loc2 >= 0)) {\n", "\n", " /* Have to replace all the double $$ first with current implementation */\n", " if (loc2 >= 0) {\n", " if (count2 % 2 == 0) {\n", " mystring = mystring.replace(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$\\$)/, \"$1\\\\[\");\n", " } else {\n", " mystring = mystring.replace(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$\\$)/, \"$1\\\\]\");\n", " }\n", " count2++;\n", " } else {\n", " if (count % 2 == 0) {\n", " mystring = mystring.replace(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$)/, \"$1\\\\(\");\n", " } else {\n", " mystring = mystring.replace(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$)/, \"$1\\\\)\");\n", " }\n", " count++;\n", " }\n", " loc = mystring.search(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$)/);\n", " loc2 = mystring.search(/([^\\\\]|^)(\\$\\$)/);\n", " //console.log(mystring,\", loc:\",loc,\", loc2:\",loc2);\n", " }\n", "\n", " //console.log(mystring);\n", " return mystring;\n", "}\n", "\n", "\n", "function show_questions(json, mydiv) {\n", " console.log('show_questions');\n", " //var mydiv=document.getElementById(myid);\n", " var shuffle_questions = mydiv.dataset.shufflequestions;\n", " var num_questions = mydiv.dataset.numquestions;\n", " var shuffle_answers = mydiv.dataset.shuffleanswers;\n", " var max_width = mydiv.dataset.maxwidth;\n", "\n", " if (num_questions > json.length) {\n", " num_questions = json.length;\n", " }\n", "\n", " var questions;\n", " if ((num_questions < json.length) || (shuffle_questions == \"True\")) {\n", " //console.log(num_questions+\",\"+json.length);\n", " questions = getRandomSubarray(json, num_questions);\n", " } else {\n", " questions = json;\n", " }\n", "\n", " //console.log(\"SQ: \"+shuffle_questions+\", NQ: \" + num_questions + \", SA: \", shuffle_answers);\n", "\n", " // Iterate over questions\n", " questions.forEach((qa, index, array) => {\n", " //console.log(qa.question); \n", "\n", " var id = makeid(8);\n", " //console.log(id);\n", "\n", "\n", " // Create Div to contain question and answers\n", " var iDiv = document.createElement('div');\n", " //iDiv.id = 'quizWrap' + id + index;\n", " iDiv.id = 'quizWrap' + id;\n", " iDiv.className = 'Quiz';\n", " iDiv.setAttribute('data-qnum', index);\n", " iDiv.style.maxWidth =max_width+\"px\";\n", " mydiv.appendChild(iDiv);\n", " // iDiv.innerHTML=qa.question;\n", " \n", " var outerqDiv = document.createElement('div');\n", " outerqDiv.id = \"OuterquizQn\" + id + index;\n", " // Create div to contain question part\n", " var qDiv = document.createElement('div');\n", " qDiv.id = \"quizQn\" + id + index;\n", " \n", " if (qa.question) {\n", " iDiv.append(outerqDiv);\n", "\n", " //qDiv.textContent=qa.question;\n", " qDiv.innerHTML = jaxify(qa.question);\n", " outerqDiv.append(qDiv);\n", " }\n", "\n", " // Create div for code inside question\n", " var codeDiv;\n", " if (\"code\" in qa) {\n", " codeDiv = document.createElement('div');\n", " codeDiv.id = \"code\" + id + index;\n", " codeDiv.className = \"QuizCode\";\n", " var codePre = document.createElement('pre');\n", " codeDiv.append(codePre);\n", " var codeCode = document.createElement('code');\n", " codePre.append(codeCode);\n", " codeCode.innerHTML = qa.code;\n", " outerqDiv.append(codeDiv);\n", " //console.log(codeDiv);\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", " // Create div to contain answer part\n", " var aDiv = document.createElement('div');\n", " aDiv.id = \"quizAns\" + id + index;\n", " aDiv.className = 'Answer';\n", " iDiv.append(aDiv);\n", "\n", " //console.log(qa.type);\n", "\n", " var num_correct;\n", " if ((qa.type == \"multiple_choice\") || (qa.type == \"many_choice\") ) {\n", " num_correct = make_mc(qa, shuffle_answers, outerqDiv, qDiv, aDiv, id);\n", " if (\"answer_cols\" in qa) {\n", " //aDiv.style.gridTemplateColumns = 'auto '.repeat(qa.answer_cols);\n", " aDiv.style.gridTemplateColumns = 'repeat(' + qa.answer_cols + ', 1fr)';\n", " }\n", " } else if (qa.type == \"numeric\") {\n", " //console.log(\"numeric\");\n", " make_numeric(qa, outerqDiv, qDiv, aDiv, id);\n", " }\n", "\n", "\n", " //Make div for feedback\n", " var fb = document.createElement(\"div\");\n", " fb.id = \"fb\" + id;\n", " //fb.style=\"font-size: 20px;text-align:center;\";\n", " fb.className = \"Feedback\";\n", " fb.setAttribute(\"data-answeredcorrect\", 0);\n", " fb.setAttribute(\"data-numcorrect\", num_correct);\n", " iDiv.append(fb);\n", "\n", "\n", " });\n", " var preserveResponses = mydiv.dataset.preserveresponses;\n", " console.log(preserveResponses);\n", " console.log(preserveResponses == \"true\");\n", " if (preserveResponses == \"true\") {\n", " console.log(preserveResponses);\n", " // Create Div to contain record of answers\n", " var iDiv = document.createElement('div');\n", " iDiv.id = 'responses' + mydiv.id;\n", " iDiv.className = 'JCResponses';\n", " // Create a place to store responses as an empty array\n", " iDiv.setAttribute('data-responses', '[]');\n", "\n", " // Dummy Text\n", " iDiv.innerHTML=\"Select your answers and then follow the directions that will appear here.\"\n", " //iDiv.className = 'Quiz';\n", " mydiv.appendChild(iDiv);\n", " }\n", "//console.log(\"At end of show_questions\");\n", " if (typeof MathJax != 'undefined') {\n", " console.log(\"MathJax version\", MathJax.version);\n", " var version = MathJax.version;\n", " setTimeout(function(){\n", " var version = MathJax.version;\n", " console.log('After sleep, MathJax version', version);\n", " if (version[0] == \"2\") {\n", " MathJax.Hub.Queue([\"Typeset\", MathJax.Hub]);\n", " } else if (version[0] == \"3\") {\n", " MathJax.typeset([mydiv]);\n", " }\n", " }, 500);\n", "if (typeof version == 'undefined') {\n", " } else\n", " {\n", " if (version[0] == \"2\") {\n", " MathJax.Hub.Queue([\"Typeset\", MathJax.Hub]);\n", " } else if (version[0] == \"3\") {\n", " MathJax.typeset([mydiv]);\n", " } else {\n", " console.log(\"MathJax not found\");\n", " }\n", " }\n", " }\n", " return false;\n", "}\n", "/* This is to handle asynchrony issues in loading Jupyter notebooks\n", " where the quiz has been previously run. The Javascript was generally\n", " being run before the div was added to the DOM. I tried to do this\n", " more elegantly using Mutation Observer, but I didn't get it to work.\n", "\n", " Someone more knowledgeable could make this better ;-) */\n", "\n", " function try_show() {\n", " if(document.getElementById(\"yKLTfPwXUJTN\")) {\n", " show_questions(questionsyKLTfPwXUJTN, yKLTfPwXUJTN); \n", " } else {\n", " setTimeout(try_show, 200);\n", " }\n", " };\n", " \n", " {\n", " // console.log(element);\n", "\n", " //console.log(\"yKLTfPwXUJTN\");\n", " // console.log(document.getElementById(\"yKLTfPwXUJTN\"));\n", "\n", " try_show();\n", " }\n", " " ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "quiz=[{\n", " \"question\": \"Nennen Sie Ihre Antwort:\",\n", " \"type\": \"numeric\",\n", " \"precision\": 2,\n", " \"answers\": [\n", " {\n", " \"type\": \"value\",\n", " \"value\": 1.05,\n", " \"correct\": True,\n", " \"feedback\": \"Richtig.\"\n", " }\n", " ]\n", "}]\n", "\n", "from jupyterquiz import display_quiz\n", "display_quiz(quiz, border_radius=2, lang='de')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "f4e89376", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Intuitiv, d.h., durch das *schnelle Denken* beantworten die meisten Menschen diese Frage mit: Der Ball kostet 10 Cent.\n", "Diese Antwort ist jedoch falsch!\n", "Nehmen wir uns einen Augenblick Zeit und aktivieren unser *langsames Denken*.\n", "Sagen wir der Preis des Balls sei $b$ und der Preis des Schlägers $s$.\n", "Dann erkennen wir, dass \n", "\n", "$$b + s = 1.10 \\text{ und } s = b + 1.0$$\n", "\n", "gilt.\n", "Wir lösen beide Gleichungen nach $b$ auf und erhalten:\n", "\n", "$$b = s - 1 \\land b = 1.10 - s \\Rightarrow s-1 = 1.10-s \\Rightarrow 2s = 2.10 \\Rightarrow s = 1.05$$\n", "\n", "und demnach gilt $b = s - 1= 1.05-1 = 0.05$ also 5 Cent.\n", "Das falsche Ergebnis entstammt dem *schnellen* und das richtige dem *langsamen Denken*!\n", "\n", "Wenn Sie etwas intuitiv, quasi aus dem Bauch heraus und mühelos abschätzten oder unbewusst einfach tun, dann ist das *schnelle Denken* aktiv.\n", "Nehmen wir das Autofahren.\n", "Wenn Sie geübt darin sind, werden Sie ohne darüber nachzudenken \"einfach fahren\".\n", "Sie werden allein durch den Ton den das Auto macht und wie die Straße schimmert wissen was zu tun ist.\n", "Wenn Sie einen Ball fangen wollen, dann werden Sie keine komplizierte Berechnung durchführen, sondern eine fast schon automatische Abschätzung vornehmen.\n", "Tischtennisspieler\\*innen können den Ball, der sich in einer unglaublichen Geschwindigkeit über den Tisch bewegt, scheinbar mühelos verfolgen und treffen.\n", "Wie ist das möglich?\n", "\n", "In all diesen Beispielen haben wir in früherer Zeit mit dem *langsamen Denken* begonnen.\n", "In der Fahrschule mussten wir noch über den genauen Ablauf beim Autofahren nachdenken.\n", "Tischtennisspieler\\*innen benötigen tausende von Stunden Training, um derartige Leistungen zu erzielen.\n", "Durch das *langsame Denken* schaffen wir es Stück für Stück, entsprechende Fähigkeit ins *schnelle Denken* zu transformieren.\n", "Das allerdings kostet Zeit und Anstrengung, besonders zu Beginn.\n", "Können wir irgendwann das *schnelle Denken* nutzen vergessen wir häufig wie schwer es zu Beginn gewesen ist und wundern uns über Anfänger\\*innen, welche sich noch in der Phase des *langsamen Denkens* befinden.\n", "Oftmals fällt es uns als Expert\\*innen schwer zu erklären was wir genau machen, also warum wir z.B. beim Autofahren eine bestimmte Entscheidung treffen.\n", "Wir sehen die Lösung oder was zu tun ist einfach vor uns.\n", "\n", "Als geübte und erfolgreiche Programmierer\\*innen können wir auf viele Techniken, Konzepte, die Form und Bedeutung von Anweisungen, die Struktur des Programmiercodes, oder auch Codemuster im Modus des *schnellen Denkens* zugreifen.\n", "So können wir unser gesamtes *langsames Denken* auf das eigentlich zu lösende Problem loslassen.\n", "\n", "Jedoch geht es nicht nur darum, dass *schnelle Denken* zu nutzen, sondern es zu kontrollieren und es uns bewusst zu machen.\n", "Man spricht dabei von der sog. *Metakognition*.\n", "Viele kognitive Verzerrungen (Bias) sind auf das *schnelle Denken* zurückzuführen.\n", "Zum Beispiel neigen wir aufgrund des sog. Bestätigungseffekt (engl. confirmation bias) dazu Informationen auszuwählen und aufzunehmen, die unserer vorher gebildeten Meinung entsprechen.\n", "Wir deuten Informationen, sodass sie die eigenen Erwartungen bestätigen.\n", "\n", "```{exercise} Blinzeln des Alphabets\n", ":label: confirmation-bias-exercise\n", "Sie überholen den dritten. Welchen Platz haben Sie dann?\n", "```\n", "\n", "Vorschnell ist die Antwort: Den zweiten Platz!\n", "Dies suggeriert der Überholvorgang.\n", "Wir können unsere Verzerrungen, die durch das *schnelle Denken* entstehen, nicht verhindern.\n", "Doch können wir immer wieder innehalten und unser *langsames Denken* aktivieren und nachprüfen ob unsere Intuition korrekt ist.\n", "\n", "## Durch Fehler lernen\n", "\n", "Kreativ-logisches Denken ist, wie so vieles im Leben, keine binäre Fähigkeit, die entweder vorhanden ist oder nicht.\n", "Ein gewisses Talent ist hilfreich aber um richtig gut darin zu werden braucht es Übung---die Denkmuskel müssen gefüttert werden.\n", "Vergleichbar mit den abgespeicherten Bewegungsabläufen im Leistungssport, welche Sie problemlos automatisch abrufen können, erlernen wir im Denksport Muster, welche Sie problemlos erkennen.\n", "Schachspieler blicken auf einen Spielstand analysieren Muster (Positionen von mehreren Figuren als Ganzes), durch die sie auf neue Spielzüge schließen.\n", "Das Lesen von mathematischen Ausdrücken wird Ihnen immer leichter Fallen je mehr Ausdrücke Sie lesen.\n", "Das liegt nicht nur daran, dass Sie besser in Mathe werden, sondern dass Sie die Symbole wie Ihre Muttersprache schneller und besser als Muster erkennen.\n", "Programmcode werden Sie immer schneller und besser verstehen, je mehr Programmcode Sie zu verstehen versuchen.\n", "Um diese Erfolge zu feiern bedarf es der täglichen Übung des Programmierens und der Konfrontation mit immer komplexeren Problemen.\n", "\n", "Denken ist zudem ein lebenslanger Prozess mit einem Rückkopplungseffekt.\n", "Unsere Gedanken der Vergangenheit formen unsere Gedanken der Zukunft.\n", "In der Biologie spricht man dabei von Autopoesie {cite}`maturana:1987`, d.h. von der Selbsterschaffung und Selbsterhaltung eines Systems, in diesem Fall unseres Geistes.\n", "Es ist deshalb ratsam sich hin und wieder Gedanken über seine Gedanken zu machen.\n", "Diese rekursive Eigenschaft der Selbstbeobachtung ist uns Menschen zum Glück möglich, wir können uns sogar dabei beobachten wie wir uns beobachten und so weiter und so fort.\n", "\n", "Klare Gedanken zu fassen und sich präzise auszudrücken ist nicht nur nützlich, sondern birgt auch einen intrinsischen Wert.\n", "Es schult Ihre Fähigkeit Sachverhalte schnell aufzunehmen, schärft Ihren Verstand und wirkt sich nach unserer Ansicht auch auf das kritische Denken aus.\n", "Zum Beispiel fällt es Ihnen möglicherweise bei einem Gespräch leichter feststellen, ob eine Argumentation logische Fehler enthält.\n", "\n", "Außerdem wage ich zu behaupten, dass Sie durch [Computational Thinking](sec-what-is-ct) in eine Welt eintauchen können in der Sie das Ruder übernehmen.\n", "Es ist eine sehr reine Welt die, anders als unsere oft verschwommene Realität, noch klare Wahrheiten und Strukturen bietet und zugleich eine Spielwiese für kreatives Schaffen darstellt.\n", "Sie werden im Laufe des Kurses feststellen, dass es viele neue interessante Konzepte und Objekte zu entdecken gibt." ] } ], "metadata": { "jupytext": { "formats": "md:myst", "text_representation": { "extension": ".md", "format_name": "myst" } }, "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.11.4" }, "source_map": [ 11, 44, 65 ] }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 5 }